Common Mistakes

• Supposing there are deer in the forest. Let's go hunting.✓
• Supposing if there are deer in the forest. Let's go hunting.✖️
• Supposing he disagrees to all our proposals, what's the second option?✓
• Supposing if he disagrees to all our proposals, what's the second option?✖️

Explanation:
We use "suppose(ing), if or what if" are used to make suggestions that something might happen, we can use them with either present or past tenses; however, a past tense is more suitable because it makes the suggestion seem less direct/definite.
Note also that we can use only one of these words at a time; we can't use them together.

• Mom, can I go swimming? Suppose you had your lunch first.
• I have decided to beat that arrogant man. No! Supposing you went to jail!

Past perfect tenses can also be used to talk about the situations that did not occur:

• That was awesome, but supposing you had injured yourself?

Prepositions with Transport

• Use "on" for public transport that you can walk on: bus, train, ferry, plane, coach.
• Use "in" for forms of transport which you sit in, but can't really walk in: on a plane/on a train/on a bus; in a car/in a taxi/in a small boat. 

However, This rule sometimes works, but other times it can be misleading you and others into believing that there is some kind of a grammatical rule about prepositions and modes of transport. Well, there are no rules. There is nothing wrong with "in the bus." It is used less frequently than "on the bus."

As regards means of travel, "by" is used when the reference is to a general means (e.g. We shall go by car/bus/train/by helicopter, etc.), but when a specific vehicle is referred to, then appropriate preposition for that vehicle must be used—usually either "in" or "on" (in my car, in his own aeroplane, in a taxi, on my bicycle, on the ‘Mauretania’).

If the vehicle or means of transport is identified merely by the time at which it starts or arrives, either "by" or "on" may be used.

• I shall go by (or on) the 10:30 train.

Prepositions with Die

 Die from, die from, die for, die in, die by, or die with?

When it comes to talking about diseases or illnesses, there's no difference between "die of/from" a disease/illness. The only difference is of being commoner than the other; "die of" is more common.

Die of/from: to stop being alive.

• She died of/from cancer.✓
• He died of/from a heart attack.✓
• She died because of a heart attack.✖️

But in other cases, the distinction is made.
For example, "die of overwork" sounds a bit unnatural.
Die from overwork: to be cut short as a result of overwork/injury.

• He died from overwork.✓

I mean, they're not interchangeable in every context.

Die with: to stop being alive. (Reference: MacMillan dictionary)

• One in three people over sixty-five died with dementia.✓

Die for: to lose life for beliefs/country in order to support them.

• He died for his beliefs.
• He died for his country.✓

Die by sword: to lose life being a victim to sword or violence.

• He died by a fatal attack made by his enemy.✓

Die in:

• He died in a car crash.✓
• He died by a car crash.✖️

Be dying for something/to do something: to want something very much.

• He is dying for a glass of water.

Die in one's bed: to die of old age or long illness.

• He died in his bed.✓

Die on one's lips: to stop speaking.

• The words I wanted to utter died on my lips.

Die on somebody: (of a machine) to stop working.

• My car just died on me.✓

Die young/happy/poor:

• Tragically, Keats died young.

Die a sudden/violent/natural etc death:

• Several people in the village have died violent deaths.

Die a millionaire/hero/coward etc:

• I’m proud to tell you that your son died a hero.

Be dying of hunger/thirst/boredom: to be very hungry, thirsty, bored etc.

• Do you fancy a cup of tea? I’m dying of thirst.

Note: People die of hunger, of illness, of thirst, of or from wounds, from overwork, by violence, by the sword, by pestilence, in battle, for their country, for a cause, through neglect, on the scaffold, and at the stake.

Common Mistakes

• Saba informed that everyone had done their job.✖️
• Saba informed them (us, her, me, etc.) that everyone had done their job.✔️
• Ahmad told that he was good at English.✖️
• Ahmad told us (her, him, us etc.) that he was good at English.✔️
• The police officer assured that all culprits would be arrested.✖️
• The police officer assured me (him, her, them, etc.) that all culprits would be arrested.✔️

Explanation:

There are some verbs in English that need an indirect object in order to be immediately followed by a that-clause. A that-clause cannot be written right after these verbs. These verbs include "remind, inform, assure, and tell." 

• Ali pays more attention to movies than dramas.✖️
• Ali pays more attention to movies than to dramas.✔️
• He can trust more on you than me.✖️
• He can trust more on you than on me.✔️

Explanation:

If you are comparing two things, then you must write the preposition before both of those things.

• Mohid is declared to be in charge of the company.✖️
• Mohid is declared to have been in charge of the company.✔️
• Hira is supposed to do this job.✖️
• Hira is supposed to have done this job.✔️

Reason:
We should use perfect infinitives while talking about the time earlier than that which is stated by the finite verb. 

Grammar

You should always use the present perfect tense when the time of an action is not important or not specified.

جب کسی فقرے میں کسی کام کے ہونے کا ٹائم important نہ ہو یا mention نہ کیا گیا ہو تو اس صورت میں ہم present perfect استعمال کرتے ہیں-

You should always use the past simple tense when details about the time or place that an action occurred at/on are given or requested.

اور جب کسی جملے میں کسی کام کے ہونے کا ٹائم بتایا گیا ہو یا یہ بتایا گیا ہو کہ کس جگہ پر کچھ ہوا ہے، یا پھر ان دونوں چیزوں یعنی ٹائم یا جگہ کے  متعلق معلومات پوچھی گئی ہوں تو ہم past simple کا استعمال کرتے ہیں-

Examples:

• I did it yesterday.✔️
• I have done it yesterday.✖️
• I visited my grandmother last weekend.✔️
• I have visited my grandmother last weekend.✖️
• Where did you see Ahmad?✔️
• Where have you seen Ahmad?✖️

Bonus:

"The" is not used with "by" + car, bus, vegan, etc.

جب گاڑیوں کے ناموں سے پہلے by استعمال ہو تو by کے بعد article 'the' استعمال نہیں ہو گا-

We use this construction when we talk about the means of transport.

• Aleena Khan travels to office by the train.✖️
• Aleena Khan travels to work by train.✔️

Instead, we use "the" after "on" and then the name of the vehicle to state someone or something's location. For example, on the train, bus, etc.

لیکن جب کسی کی location کے متعلق بتانا ہو تو ہم 'preposition 'on  کے بعد 'article 'the لکھ کر گاڑی کا نام لکھ دیتے ہیں-

• I left my wallet on the plane while traveling to Jordan.
• Nabeel is on the plane, I guess. He will be home in two hours' time.

ٰif you should have any questions, you can ask in the comment box.

There (interjection)

Let's talk about the use of "there" as an interjection.

1) There

"There" as an interjection is used to express satisfaction that you have been proved right or that you have done what you intended to do.

Urdu: 

1) اب سناؤ
2) کہا تھا نا میں نے
3) سنا

There! I’ve done it! I’ve resigned.

اب سناؤ! میں نے کر دیا! میں نے استعفی دے دیا-

There, what did I tell you? I knew it wouldn’t work.

سنا، کیا کہا تھا میں نے؟ میں جانتا تھا یہ نہیں ہوگا-

2) There, there!

Used to comfort someone who is crying, especially a child.

There, there, don’t get so upset!
Urdu:

1) چپ چپ میرے لال
2) حوصلہ کرو

3) So there!

Used to show someone that you do not care what they think and you are not going to change your mind – used by children.

I’m going to Elly’s party, and you can’t stop me, so there!

Translation

پاکستان ایک اسلامی جمہوریہ ھے ۔ یہ مسلمانوں کا وطن ھے۔ مسلمان بہت سے ملکوں میں رہتے ہیں ۔ وہ مختلف ملکوں اور براعظموں کے باشندے ھیں لیکن وہ ایک ملت سے تعلق رکھتے ہیں ۔ وہ ایک خدا اور اس کے آخری نبی پر ایمان رکھتے ہیں ۔ وہ ایک قوم ہیں اور رنگ و نسل کے امتیازات پر یقین نہیں رکھتے ۔ اسلام میں سفید رنگ کا آدمی سیاہ رنگ کے آدمی سے افضل نہیں اور نہ ہی کوئی امیرکسی غریب سے بڑا ہے۔ سب مسلمان بھائی بھائی ہیں اور کوئی کسی دوسرے سے کم تر نہیں ہے ۔ اسلام میں آدمی کی بر تری کا معیار صرف اس کی پرہیزگاری ہے۔

Pakistan is the Islamic Republic. It's the country of Muslims. Muslims live in many countries. They're the inhabitants of different countries and continents, but they belong to one nation. They believe in one God and His last prophet (Muhammad SAW). They're one nation and do not believe in the distinctions of race and colour. In Islam, a white man is not superior to a black man, nor is a rich man greater than a poor man. All Muslims are brothers/brethren (old English) and no one is inferior to the other. In Islam, the standard/scale of a man's superiority is his piety/self-restraint.

Shoud in If-clauses

We can use "should" in "if-clauses" when we believe that the possibility of something happening is small.

If you should happen to see him before I do, can you tell him that I want to speak to him urgently? 

اگر آپکا ڈاکٹر کے پاس مجھ سے پہلے جانا ہوا تو کیا

آپ اُسے بتا سکتے ہیں کہ میں بات کرنا چاہتا ہوں؟

If there should be a problem, just give me a call and I'll sort it out.

اگر کوئی مسئلہ ہوا تو بس مجھے کال کر دینا-

If anyone should ask where I am, say I'm in a meeting.

اگر کسی نے میرا پوچھا کہ کہاں ہوں، تو کہنا کہ میٹنگ میں ہوں-

Translation

دکان کھلی ہے-
دکان بند ہے-

1) The shop is closed (adjective).

If a shop, public building etc is closed, it is not open and people cannot enter or use it. "Shut" is the synonym of closed, and "open" the opposite. First of all, we should know the difference between “close” and “closed.” As an adjective, both words have different meanings. 
The shop is closed. = It means the shop is not open.
The shop is close (to my house.) = It means the shop is not far.

2) The shop is open.

Open (adjective) means not closed, so that things, people, air etc can go in and out or be put in and out.

Opposite: closed, shut.

• This guide deals in punctuational mistakes.✖️
• This guide deals with punctuational mistakes.✔️
• A bookseller deals with books.✖️
• A bookseller deals in books.✔️

Explanation:

To deal with يعني يبحث في او يتناول موضوع ما-
To deal in يعني يتاجر في شيء ما-

اذا كان كتاب او فلم او مقالة عن موضوع معين، فانه يبحث فيه او يتناوله-

ملاحظة: To deal with أيضا يعني التعامل مع موقف او معالجته-
مثلا: سيتعامل المدير مع المسالة او سيعالج المدير الامر-

Care for vs. Care about

Care for اور Care about  کے درمیان فرق

Care about someone/something means they matter to you/have value to you/to have them be important to you. 

جب آپکا مطلب یہ ہوکہ کوئی آپکے لیے اہم ہے یا آپ اس کی پرواہ کرتے ہیں تو ایسی صورت میں استعمال ہونے والا phrasal verb جو ہے وہ care about ہے-

1. Don't say "isn't caring, isn't caring for," especially in this meaning.🗙

جب آپ کا مطلب کسی کو اہم جاننا یا اسکی پرواہ کرنا ہو تو اس صورت میں care for استعمال نہیں ہوگا اور نہ ہی ہم اسکی continuous form استعمال کریں گے-

2. Only stative, no progressive form.✔️

• Ahmad is only interested in himself and doesn't care about anyone else.

احمد اپنے آپ میں ہی مگن رہتا ہے اور وہ کسی کی پرواہ نہیں کرتا-

1. Care for = look after; dynamic use.

دیکھ بھال کرنے کے معنی کے لیے care for استعمال کرتے ہیں-

• Sara has been caring for the children in our absence. (= looking after; dynamic use)

ہماری غیر موجودگی میں سارہ بچوں کی دیکھ بھال کرتی رہی ہے-

2. We can use "care for someone," and it shows romance very often, but it is low-key and vague than saying "I love you."

Care for someone بھی استعمال ہو سکتا ہے اور زیادہ تر اسکا مطلب پیار ہوتا ہے؛ یوں کہ لیں کہ care for someone ایک indirect طریقہ ہے I love you کہنے کا-

3. We can say "he does not care for dramas" to mean he does not like them, but we cannot say "he cares for dramas" to mean he likes them.

ہم نا پسندیدگی کے اظہار کے لیے not + care for کا استعمال کر سکتے ہیں، لیکن جب چیزوں کے متعلق بات کی جائے تو منفی استعمال تو ممکن ہے، پر یہ کہنے کے لیے کے کوئی چیز آپ کو پسند ہے، care for استعمال نہیں ہو سکتا-

Confusable Words

English is full of contradictions and inconsistencies. One word can have different meanings and sometimes these meanings are totally opposite. There are many such words in the English language.
“Sanction” has opposite meanings:
1. to allow
2. to prohibit
The same goes for “oversight”:
1. watchful care
2. lack of attention
Thanks for nothing, English. (:
In cases like this, we can find out the exact meaning if we focus on the context.
Let's talk about another confusing pair, which is as follows:
PRESCRIBE vs. PROSCRIBE

Watch out! Do not confuse these two words. "Prescribe" means to recommend something to someone, but "proscribe" has the totally opposite meaning, which is to forbid. Many people confuse these two words because "pro" usually has a positive function.

Examples:

• The physician prescribed some antibiotics to Ahmad.
• In Pakistan, capital punishment is prescribed for murderers.
• Trade of illegal drugs is proscribed in civilized countries.
• Muhammad Amir was sentenced for using proscribed medicines.

Politic vs. Political vs. Politics

The adjective "politic" means wise and showing the ability to make the right decisions.

• I think it's not politic to ask a question when your teacher is angry.

The adjective "political" means connected or related to politics.

• 
  

  Political reforms have led to major structural changes in the economy.

"Politics" means the activities of the government, members of law-making organizations or people who try to influence the way a country is governed.

• Mr. Imran is very active in politics.

"Politics" also means the relationships within a group or organization which allow particular people to have power over others.

• I don't like to get involved in office politics.

Note: There are many words in English that are plural in form, yet take a singular verb. The same goes for "politics." It takes a singular verb when used to mean the art or science of governing or political science. However, in other senses, it can take either a sing. or pl. verb. Many other nouns that end in -ics behave the same way.

Common Mistakes

It's not always true that if the main statement is in negative form, then the question tag should be in positive and vice versa, especially with imperative sentences. There are many points in English where traditional rules don't work.

• Do me a favor, will you? ➝✖️
• Do me a favor, won’t you? ➝✔️
• Open the front door, won’t you? ➝✖️
• Open the front door, will you? ➝✔️
• Shut your mouth, can you? ➝✖️
• Shut your mouth, can’t you? ➝✔️

Reason:

When your intention is to invite or request people politely to do something for you, you use won't you? after imperative. When your intention is to order or tell them to do something for you, you can use would you?/could you?/can't you?

However, if the imperative sentence is in negative form, use will you?

• Don't forget to call me, will you?

Note that we use "can't you?" to show some impatience.

Spotlight

The Historical Present

One of the most interesting points in the English language is "The Historical Present." It states that present tenses can be used to talk about the past. Present tenses are also used:

• to make the past seem less remote and to add some dramatization:
• e.g. So, yesterday I'm lying in my room, thinking about my late wife, when my friend shouted from the street!
• in order to make the future more definite:
• e.g. They are traveling to Dubai next Monday. The train leaves at 9 p.m.
• On August 11, 1947, President Bush tells his nation that the war in Israel comes to an end.

It is very common that we use present tense for actions that are currently happening; however, it may be surprising to your ears that we can also use present tense for actions that happened a long time ago or never happened at all. This is called "The Historical Present," which is used to add some kind of drama or to make a statement more interesting.
Okay, let's get into details now. If we focus on the last example listed above, 'tells' and 'comes' are in present tense. But the sentence concerns the event that happened long ago. Here the present tense makes the history more dramatic and interesting. Many people have a habit of telling the story in this way. I mean they use present tense when they should use past tense. In the other sentence above, 'yesterday, thinking, and shouts' are in present tense. The same idea applies to this sentence.

Bonus: What's the difference between "tired of" and "tired from"?
To show boredom or annoyance, we use "tired of" or "tired of doing sth."
For example, "Aleena is tired of my bad jokes."✓
On the other hand, "tired from" shows physical tiredness. When you are tired from something, you want to take a rest because of it.

For example, "Aleena was tired from the long journey." ✓
Note that it's considered incorrect to use "tired of" in this meaning:
For example, "She was tired of the long journey."✖️

Recently Versus Lately

Recently can refer to both a point in time and a period of time. If it refers to a point in time, use the past simple tense:

• He got married recently.✓ (Recently = in the recent past; not long ago.)

If it refers to a period, use the present perfect or present perfect continuous tense (with a difference in meaning.)

The present perfect tense suggests that the event/situation has finished.

The present perfect continuous tense suggests a continuation of the event/situation.

• I haven't done anything recently.✓ (Recently = during the period of time that has just passed.)
• She's been working recently.✓ (Recently = during the period of time that has just passed and still going on.)

Lately can only refer to a period of time. Use only the present perfect or present perfect progressive tense:

• I was very busy lately.❌
• I have been very busy lately.✓
• I have seen a lot of films lately.✓
• I have been spending too much money lately.✓